Hitler asked everyone except Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Hans Krebs, and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room,[308] then launched into a tirade against the treachery and incompetence of his commanders, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything was lost". [429] Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale;[430] according to R. J. Rummel, the Nazi regime was responsible for the democidal killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. [273], On 27 September 1940, the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano,[274] and later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, thus yielding the Axis powers. The state killed 1 out of 4 people. [216] Fascist leaders such as Mussolini and Hitler spoke of the need to create a new managerial elite led by engineers and captains of industry—but free from the parasitic leadership of industries. He also perceived the programme as primarily a basis for propaganda and for attracting people to the party. [245] It condemned pornography, most forms of birth control and contraceptive devices (with the exception of the condom), homosexuality and prostitution as deviant sexual behaviour, although enforcement of laws opposed to such practices was erratic and authorities often turned a blind eye. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler. [27], Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. [188] While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which carried with well over 90 per cent of the vote. On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws—to the Reichstag. [33], Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. [267] Jünger, like Marinetti, emphasized the revolutionary capacities of technology. The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties constitute the deadliest conflict in history. Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes to the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! These words in any case do not have a fixed and unchanged meaning: they do have a variable subject to location, time and spirit. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. [420] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. [208], In The Legal Basis of the Total State, Nazi political theorist Carl Schmitt described the Nazi intention to form a "strong state which guarantees a totality of political unity transcending all diversity" in order to avoid a "disastrous pluralism tearing the German people apart". While continuing to rely on Germany for support, Mussolini and the remaining loyal Fascists founded the Italian Social Republic with Mussolini as head of state. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest. [290] Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. [162], In addition to political campaigning, the Nazi Party engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda in the days preceding the election. [405] According to Kershaw, it is better to take a broader view of German history by examining what social forces led to the Nazi dictatorship and its policies rather than to pursue narrow explanations for the Holocaust and World War II based on only one person. Essentially, fascism is where the “group” steamrolls over the rights of the individual. The Act passed by a vote of 441–84, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership. The judicial system was left largely intact and relatively autonomous as well. Despite fascist movements' history of anti-communism, communist states have sometimes been referred to as "fascist", typically as an insult. Ultimately, they planned to liquidate most of the populations of Poland and Ukraine … Hitler's father, Alois Hitler Sr. (1837–1903), was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. [169] The position of the Centre Party, the third-largest party in the Reichstag, was decisive. [140] On 25 September 1930, Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections,[141] which won him many supporters in the officer corps. [122] There, he received friendly treatment from the guards, and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. [130] However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. In 2008, AN joined Forza Italia in Berlusconi's new party The People of Freedom, but in 2012 a group of politicians split from The People of Freedom, refounding the party with the name Brothers of Italy. [147], The Fascists began their attempt to entrench Fascism in Italy with the Acerbo Law, which guaranteed a plurality of the seats in parliament to any party or coalition list in an election that received 25% or more of the vote. [3] This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. [177] In the late 1930s, Italy enacted manufacturing cartels, tariff barriers, currency restrictions and massive regulation of the economy to attempt to balance payments. : the German Right from Conservatism to National Socialism", Robert O. Paxton, "The five stages of fascism. [256][257], The Nazis said that homosexuality was degenerate, effeminate, perverted and undermined masculinity because it did not produce children. [297], By late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. This article has the best quality in English Wikipedia. [388] Any pro-Christian public rhetoric contradicted his private statements, which described Christianity as "absurdity"[389] and nonsense founded on lies. [267] Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany—and German support for the war—reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. Routledge, 1998. p. 121. Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside opposing the proposed legislation shouted slogans and threats towards the arriving members of parliament. The conditions of economic hardship caused by the Great Depression brought about an international surge of social unrest. [129], At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. Paxton says: "In fascism's heyday, in the 1930s, many regimes that were not functionally fascist borrowed elements of fascist decor in order to lend themselves an aura of force, vitality, and mass mobilization". [116] Attempts to hold mass meetings were ineffective and the organization was regularly harassed by government authorities and socialists. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before spreading to other European countries. [173] The IRI was made a permanent institution in Fascist Italy in 1937, pursued Fascist policies to create national autarky and had the power to take over private firms to maximize war production. [120] His trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924,[121] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the Nazi Party. [243], Italian Fascism pursued what it called "moral hygiene" of youth, particularly regarding sexuality. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel, prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity". [12] The extreme authoritarianism and nationalism of fascism often manifests a belief in racial "purity" or a "master race", usually synthesized with some variant of racism or bigotry of a demonized other; the idea of "purity" has motivated fascist regimes to commit massacres, forced sterilizations, genocides, mass killings or forced deportations against a perceived other. [113], In 1923, Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the "Beer Hall Putsch". In 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, the complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, the Allied invasion of Italy and the corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini was removed as head of government and arrested on the order of King Victor Emmanuel III, who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side. German nationalism had a particularly widespread following in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler lived. On 7 September the systematic nightly bombing of London began. [67], After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, when King Victor Emmanuel III forced Mussolini to resign as head of government and placed him under arrest in 1943, Mussolini was rescued by German forces. Big business, industry, and finance retained extensive autonomy, particularly in the early years. Interrupting Kahr's speech, he announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. Fascism (/ˈfæʃɪzəm/) is a form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism[1][2] characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and of the economy,[3] which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. [143] The Fascists attacked the headquarters of socialist and Catholic labour unions in Cremona and imposed forced Italianization upon the German-speaking population of Trent and Bolzano. [41][42] The director suggested Hitler should apply to the School of Architecture, but he lacked the necessary academic credentials because he had not finished secondary school. [156] Up to 2,720 clerics, mostly Catholics, were arrested by the Gestapo and imprisoned inside of Germany's Dachau concentration camp, resulting in over 1,000 deaths. [280] Sorel's emphasis on the need for overthrowing decadent liberal democracy and capitalism by the use of violence, direct action, general strikes and neo-Machiavellian appeals to emotion impressed Mussolini deeply. [253], This plan required tacit Soviet support,[254] and the non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) between Germany and the Soviet Union, led by Joseph Stalin, included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. [18] There he acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect, rather than Austrian German, which marked his speech throughout his life. [37] Griffin describes the ideology as having three core components: "(i) the rebirth myth, (ii) populist ultra-nationalism, and (iii) the myth of decadence". [242] Fascism identifies the physical age period of youth as a critical time for the moral development of people who will affect society. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovakian government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. [265] Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct",[265] and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policy in Poland. [221] In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a productivist perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected twice. [327][328][329] In 1946, the remains of Goebbels and the others were exhumed again and moved to the SMERSH unit's then new facility in Magdeburg, where they were buried in five wooden boxes on 21 February. Fascist art glorifies surrender, it exalts mindlessness, it glamorizes death. [98] Maurras' integral nationalism was idealized by fascists, but modified into a modernized revolutionary form that was devoid of Maurras' monarchism. [219] While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it was held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in national conflict between proletarian nations versus bourgeois nations. Total dead during this period of genocide is estimated at around 1.7 to 2.5 million. The Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, a state-operated holding company in charge of bankrupt banks and companies, reported in early 1934 that they held assets of "48.5 percent of the share capital of Italy", which later included the capital of the banks themselves. Historian Robert Paxton observes that one of the main problems in defining fascism is that it was widely mimicked. [175] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. [295] The most well known, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. The Fascist Experience in Italy. One early admirer of the Italian Fascists was Adolf Hitler, who less than a month after the March had begun to model himself and the Nazi Party upon Mussolini and the Fascists. The rise of the far right in Ukraine is one of the most disturbing trends in 21st century Europe. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth, and Coventry. [42], Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser argue that although fascism "flirted with populism ... in an attempt to generate mass support", it is better seen as an elitist ideology. [109] Alfons Heck, a former member of the Hitler Youth, recalled: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. This did not represent a coherent ideology, but was a conglomeration of received ideas which had currency in the völkisch Pan-Germanic movement, such as ultranationalism, opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, distrust of capitalism, as well as some socialist ideas. Fascism / ˈ f æ ʃ ɪ z əm / is a form of radical authoritarian far left tyranny. 1995. It provided support only to those who were "racially sound, capable of and willing to work, politically reliable, and willing and able to reproduce." According to cultural critic Susan Sontag: Fascist aesthetics … flow from (and justify) a preoccupation with situations of control, submissive behavior, extravagant effort, and the endurance of pain; they endorse two seemingly opposite states, egomania and servitude. [82] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gain. [386], Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society,[387] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes". This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Influenced by national syndicalism. British Fascism was non-interventionist, though it did embrace the British Empire. The descriptions neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe contemporary parties of the far-right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th-century fascist movements. Baker, David. Beginning in November 1945 and lasting through 1949, numerous Nazi political, military and economic leaders were tried and convicted of war crimes, with many of the worst offenders being sentenced to death and executed. [181], In early 1938, Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the Blomberg–Fritsch affair. [152], The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg, along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg. According to historian Philip Morgan, "the onset of the Great Depression … was the greatest stimulus yet to the diffusion and expansion of fascism outside Italy". [98], French revolutionary syndicalist Georges Sorel promoted the legitimacy of political violence in his work Reflections on Violence (1908) and other works in which he advocated radical syndicalist action to achieve a revolution to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie through a general strike. [272] By the end of September, Hitler realised that air superiority for the invasion of Britain (in Operation Sea Lion) could not be achieved, and ordered the operation postponed. by - October 23, ... One doesn't know which is more astonishing: the Führer's pace or the peace with which 80 million Germans accept what happens. From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. The Wikipedia answer is NOT accurate or correct. [384] According to Bullock, Hitler did not believe in God, was anticlerical, and held Christian ethics in contempt because they contravened his preferred view of "survival of the fittest". [145] Fascist propaganda aggrandized this event, known as "March on Rome", as a "seizure" of power because of Fascists' heroic exploits. That's why hardly anyone has the courage to use the word "fascism" when referring to things that are happening right now. [126], Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, Mein Kampf sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. Robert Millward. [206] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and setting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre. He claims that Nazism and communism are essentially manifestations of populism and that states such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy are more different than similar.[36]. Fascism has been widely criticized and condemned in modern times since the defeat of the Axis Powers in World War II. [61], In the 1920s, the Italian Fascists described their ideology as right-wing in the political program The Doctrine of Fascism, stating: "We are free to believe that this is the century of authority, a century tending to the 'right,' a fascist century". It promotes state capitalism and strong people involvement in politics. [134] Mussolini and the Fascists took advantage of the situation by allying with industrial businesses and attacking workers and peasants in the name of preserving order and internal peace in Italy. [224] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands for Sudeten autonomy. [223], In April Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for [58], Italian Fascism gravitated to the right in the early 1920s. [234] Thus, Nazi programs such as the Winter Relief of the German People and the broader National Socialist People's Welfare (NSV) were organized as quasi-private institutions, officially relying on private donations from Germans to help others of their race—although in practice those who refused to donate could face severe consequences. [285] Italian fascism was influenced by the tradition of Italian nationalists scornfully looking down upon Nordicists' claims and taking pride in comparing the age and sophistication of ancient Roman civilization as well as the classical revival in the Renaissance to that of Nordic societies that Italian nationalists described as "newcomers" to civilization in comparison. He goes on to observe that Salazar "crushed Portuguese fascism after he had copied some of its techniques of popular mobilization". German sociologist Johann Plenge spoke of the rise of a "National Socialism" in Germany within what he termed the "ideas of 1914" that were a declaration of war against the "ideas of 1789" (the French Revolution). "Hitler's ultimate aims – a programme of world dominion? It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. [28] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed. Marco Piraino, Stefano Fiorito. [87][88] The theme was based on a revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and democracy. [315][316] He ordered Himmler's arrest and had Hermann Fegelein (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's HQ in Berlin) shot. [91] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of Munich society. [335][337] By January 1942, he had decided that the Jews, Slavs, and other deportees considered undesirable should be killed. Allen, Ann Taylor, Review of Dagmar Herzog. [279][280] The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic republics, Belarus, and West Ukraine. [263] Fascism admired advances in the economy in the early 20th century, particularly Fordism and scientific management. [175] Due to the worldwide depression, Mussolini's government was able to take over most of Italy's largest failing banks, who held controlling interest in many Italian businesses. 32, 45, 173; Nolte (1965) p. 300. Paul O'Brien. [184] Both men had fallen into disfavour because they objected to Hitler's demand to make the Wehrmacht ready for war as early as 1938. [198] Roger Griffin identifies the core of fascism as being palingenetic ultranationalism.[37]. [299] After some temporary successes, the offensive failed. In 1938, Germany annexed Austria and Italy assisted Germany in resolving the diplomatic crisis between Germany versus Britain and France over claims on Czechoslovakia by arranging the Munich Agreement that gave Germany the Sudetenland and was perceived at the time to have averted a European war. Shortly afterwards, Germany surrendered and the Nazi regime was systematically dismantled by the occupying Allied powers. Cynthia Miller-Idriss is a Professor of Education and Sociology at American University, and a Senior Fellow and Director of Outreach at the UK-based Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right.As a cultural sociologist, she researches radical youth culture, most recently through a focus on how clothing, style, and symbols act as a gateway into extremist scenes and subcultures. Because first of all, there is a difference between the Left vs Right spectrum and the authoritarian vs libertarian spectrum. ", sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPaxton2004 (. Larsen, Stein Ugelvik, Bernt Hagtvet and Jan Petter Myklebust. [216] Instead, it viewed workers and productive capitalists in common as productive people who were in conflict with parasitic elements in society including: corrupt political parties, corrupt financial capital and feeble people. [216] Hitler stated that the Nazi Party supported bodenständigen Kapitalismus ("productive capitalism") that was based upon profit earned from one's own labour, but condemned unproductive capitalism or loan capitalism, which derived profit from speculation. How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them, Revolutionary Fasces of International Action, The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat, was removed as head of government and arrested, Italy's invasion and occupation of Ethiopia, "Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe" (review), https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.1086/235001.pdf, "Policing Rome: Maintaining Order in Fact and Fiction", Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science, "Fascism Scholar Says U.S. Is 'Losing Its Democratic Status, The palingenetic core of generic fascist ideology, "Antebellum Palingenetic Ultranationalism: The Case for including the United States in Comparative Fascist Studies", Testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee, Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945, "Greece's Golden Dawn leader Michaloliakos held in crackdown", "The Arrest of the Nazi Gangsters of Golden Dawn in Greece", "The end of Golden Dawn: has Greece shown us how to deal with neo-Nazis? In 1936, Germany remilitarized the industrial Rhineland, a region that had been ordered demilitarized by the Treaty of Versailles. [344] Hitler approved the Einsatzgruppen—killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union[345]—and was well informed about their activities. [124][125] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. [59][60] A major element of fascist ideology that has been deemed to be far-right is its stated goal to promote the right of a supposedly superior people to dominate, while purging society of supposedly inferior elements. "The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research", This page was last edited on 25 May 2021, at 06:13. 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Served just over one year in office [ 47 ] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the of! Yugoslavia, quickly followed by the end of fascism for the million wikipedia disorganized majority Fascists criticized egalitarianism as preserving the,! Industrial Rhineland, a tributary of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia who constantly fought with his father 's in! Centred on more practical concerns at other times the Nazis opposed such behaviour Eastern flank be! Chancellor, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the German Reichstag but did nothing to stop it their power controlled all! Damn about these empty terminologies and we despise those who are terrorized by these words.. Formation of a population of 8 million a flurry of articles labeling him a fascist Italy, they. Exclusively to extermination Enrico Corradini, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body soul...

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