Pneumonia is the number one infectious killer of children under age 5 globally, killing an estimated 935,0002 children each year, that’s more than 2500 per day [1]. The treatment is administered by parenteral route for at least 3 days then, if the clinical condition has improved3 Bacterial pneumonia is generally treated with antibiotics while viral pneumonia has no specific treatment. Children under 5 years most commonly develop pneumonia due to the bacterial or viral infection. Pneumonia is most often caused by bacteria or viruses. Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in children. Use formulations in a ratio of 8:1 or 7:1 exclusively. Viral pneumonia. Notes:– In malnourished children, the RR thresholds should be decreased by 5 breaths/minute from those listed above.– Chest indrawing is significant if it is clearly visible and present at all times. An observational case-control study was conducted over a 5-month period (September 2017–January 2018) in three main pediatric hospitals in Alexandria. View Academics in Pneumonia in Children Under 5 on Academia.edu. Methods: The World Health Organization's acute respiratory infection case management criteria were used. 2.5 on pneumonia in children under 5 in low- and middle-income countries. . If the child's condition deteriorates or does not improve after 48 hours of correct administration, add cloxacillin IV: 25 to 50 mg/kg every 6 hours. Pneumonia is the second most common disease with a high burden for children after neonatal disorders [] and is the largest infectious cause of death worldwide for children aged < 5 years [].Pneumonia was responsible for over 800,000 deaths in 2017 with the greatest proportion in low- and middle-income countries [].Nigeria alone accounts for over 8 million cases of pneumonia in under-5 … The incidence rate for pneumonia (cases per 1000 under five population per month) during the period January 2006 to February 2010 in refugees under five years old in the UNHCR camps is shown over the national under five mortality rate for each country obtained from the 2007 UNICEF State of the World's Children Report. Treatment for Pneumonia in Children Under 5. This disease is usually observed due to two causes, bacterial or viral infection. Pneumonia in children under 5 is often caused by bacteria or viral infection. Early symptoms of viral pneumonia are the same as those of bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia is a common illness that affects millions of people each year in the United States. Germs called bacteria, viruses, and fungi may cause pneumonia. In adults, bacteria are the most common cause of pneumonia. Bacteria and viruses living in your nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs. Pneumonia is one of the prime causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. Viruses include adenovirus, rhinovirus, Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus. Objectives: To determine the frequency of pneumonia, to identify the causative organisms and the factors associated with death in children under 5 years of age. In India, Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) and Haemophilus influenzae (HI) are the common bacterial etiologic agents of pneumonia, and often cause abnormal chest radiology. Sputum culture. It can be mild or serious. Background Pneumonia has been one of the serious problems for children under five in Indonesia. Pneumonia kills more children under five than AIDS, malaria and measles combined and is the single major killer of children under five in developing world. Globally, there are over 1,400 cases of pneumonia per 100,000 children, or 1 case per 71 children every year, with the greatest incidence occurring in South … To assess Peruvian mothers’ knowledge and recognition of pneumonia in chil- dren under 5 years of age, the mothers’ attitude toward seeking medical help if they had a child with signs of pneumonia, and their perception of a Government of Blood tests. Blood count for evidence of infection; arterial blood gas to analyze the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. The solvent of ceftriaxone for IM injection contains lidocaine. Results: The overall incidence of clinically diagnosed pneumonia in children under 5 y old was 2.55%. In children under 5 years of age, who have If ampicillin is not available, alternatives may be cefotaxime slow IV (3 minutes) or infusion (20 minutes) or IM for 10 days (for doses, see Meningitis, Chapter 7), or, as a last resort: ceftriaxone slow IV2 Pneumonia is generally more common in children younger than 5 years old. Variability and accuracy in interpretation of consolidation on chest radiography for diagnosing pneumonia in children under 5 years of age. A diagnostic test performed on the material that is coughed up from the lungs and into the mouth. Regardless of this fact, efforts to identify determinants of pneumonia have been limited in the study area. The dose is expressed in amoxicillin: Pneumonia in children over 5 years and adults. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include a productive cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. The global mortality rates for older people remained unchanged since 1990. Promoting the iCCM for the treatment of pneumonia in children under 5 years through education and support of the PPMVs holds promise to harness the benefits of amoxicillin DT and provide a high return on investment. The most common bacteria that causes it is Streptococcus pneumoniae. This type of pneumonia, known as walking pneumonia, is prevalent among school-age children. – Fever: paracetamol PO (Chapter 1).– Infants: keep warm.– Install on an incline (head elevated) or in semi-sitting position.– Clear the airway (nasal irrigation with 0.9% sodium chloride if needed).– Oxygen at the flow rate required to maintain SpO2 ≥ 90% or, if pulse oxymeter is not available, minimum 1 litre/minute. • The infectious agents that commonly cause community-acquired pneumonia vary by age • The most common causes are RSV in infants , • respiratory viruses (RSV, parain-fluenza viruses, influenza viruses, adenoviruses) in children younger than 5 years old, and • M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae in children older than age 5. Diagnosis is usually made based on the season and the extent of the illness. If the context does not permit it, the daily dose must be divided in at least 3 doses. Pneumonia is generally more common in children younger than 5 years old. Pneumonia and influenza hospitalizations among children under 5 years of age in Suzhou, China, 2005-2011. and oral treatment can be tolerated, switch to amoxicillin PO: 30 mg/kg 3 times daily to complete 10 days of treatment. There is no clearly effective treatment for viral pneumonia, which usually resolves on its own. A culture of fluid sample taken from the pleural space (space between the lungs and chest wall) to identify the bacteria that cause pneumonia. Contact is defined as living in the same household, or in close and regular contact with any known or suspected tuberculous case within the last 12 months. Pneumonia In Children Under 5 Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma. We aimed Each year an estimated 120 million episodes of pneumonia occur in children younger than 5 years of age, resulting in one million deaths globally. to pneumonia in children under 5 years old, as reported by the Ministry of Health. Conclusion: Prevalence of pneumonia in under-five children is high. In India, Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) and Haemophilus influenzae (HI) are the common bacterial etiologic agents of pneumonia… Absence of separate kitchen, absence of window in the kitchen, breast feeding less than one year and children at age range of 2-12 months were identified determinates. Pneumonia causes 15% of all deaths in children under age 5 worldwide – 2% of which are newborns [2]. 1 In 2010, there were 120 million episodes of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years, and 14 million pneumonia cases progressed to severe and life-threatening conditions requiring urgent hospital care. You just clipped your first slide! Globally, Pneumonia is the leading communicable disease which is the reason of fatality in children. 1 It is defined as a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia caused by a community acquired infection in a previously healthy child. While all children are capable of getting the virus that causes COVID-19, they don't become sick as often as adults.Most children have mild symptoms or no symptoms. Pneumonia is the single largest infectious cause of death among children under 5 globally.1 In Tanzania, pneumonia morbidity and mortality have decreased substantially in the past decade and a half, but rates of childhood pneumonia remain among the highest in the world. A sputum culture is often performed to determine if an infection is present. What causes pneumonia in a child? Pulse oximetry. Disease burden of community acquired pneumonia among children under 5 y old in China: A population based survey The disease burden was high for children under 5 y old, especially the infant. The presenting features of viral and bacterial pneumonia are similar. This type of pneumonia, known as walking pneumonia, is prevalent among school-age children. Pneumonia with no signs of serious illness Children under 2 months . What causes pneumonia in a child? – Cough or difficulty breathing– Fever often high (> 39 °C), but the child may present with low-grade fever or may have no fever (often a sign of serious illness). The annual number of deaths per 100,000 children under 5. Consider also:– Malaria in endemic areas, as it may also cause cough and tachypnoea.– Staphylococcal pneumonia in patients with empyema or painful abdominal swelling and diarrhoea.– Pneumocystosis in children with confirmed or suspected HIV infection (see HIV infection and AIDS, Chapter 8).– Tuberculosis:• in a child with cough, fever and poor weight gain and a history of close contact with a tuberculous patient1 Introduction: Pneumonia is the most common cause of death amongst children under the age of five worldwide. Children with viral pneumonia can also develop bacterial pneumonia. Objective: To assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of recurrent pneumonia in under-five children. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children under 5 years of age. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify and measure the risk factors differentiating upper respiratory infection from pneumonia. Symptoms usually do not start with a cold, and may include the following: Cough that is persistent and may last three to four weeks, A severe cough that may produce some mucus. Epub 2016 Aug 8. Viruses cause most cases of pneumonia in children between four months and five years of age. The aim of this study was to analyze the time, place, and characteristics of the distribution of pneumonia in hospitalized children under five years of age at the Dhaulagiri Zonal Hospital (DZH) in Nepal. [Article in English, Portuguese] Cardoso MR(1), Nascimento-Carvalho CM(2), Ferrero F(3), Berezin EN(4), Ruvinsky R(5), Sant'Anna CC(6), Brandileone MC(7), March Mde F(8), Maggi R(9), Feris-Iglesias J(10), Benguigui Y(11), Camargos PA(12); CARIBE Group. Pneumonia is one of the major public health problems in children under five years of age. Concurrent Pneumonia in Children Under 5 Years of Age Presenting to a Diarrheal Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh Am J Trop Med Hyg. Subscribe to our Health Tips enewsletter to receive health and wellness tips from the pediatric experts at CHOP. If the child's condition does not improve after 48 hours with ceftriaxone + cloxacillin, consider tuberculosis. BackgroundPneumonia remains the foremost cause of death in children under 5 years of age especially in sub-Saharan Africa killing nearly 1 million annually.Aim Identify pneumonia prevalence, mortality rate and associated factors among children under five admitted to Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) in Ghana.MethodsUsing a prospective cross-sectional study method, a consecutive … Empyema and bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in children under five years of age. Administer antibiotics active against pneumococci and staphylococci (see Staphylococcal pneumonia). The aim of this study was to analyze the time, place, and characteristics of the distribution of pneumonia in hospitalized children under five years of age at the Dhaulagiri Zonal Hospital (DZH) in Nepal. Most common treatment for pneumonia in infants and children are Antimonium Tart, Ipecac, and Bryonia. Antimonium Tart should be used when there is an excessive rattling of mucus in the chest. Along with this, rapid breathing is present. The pulse rate is also rapid and weak. What causes pneumonia in a child? Pneumonia spread among children under five needs quick action . Prevalence of Pneumonia Severity in Children under 5 Years Old at Primary Health Care of Tambakrejo, Surabaya Introduction: Pneumonia is the world-leading cause of death in children under five years old and most prevalent in developing country. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi , can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems. after 48 hours of well administered treatment, add cloxacillin IV for 10 to 14 days: The first line treatment is:ceftriaxone IM or slow IV2 Objectives: To determine the frequency of pneumonia, to identify the causative organisms and the factors associated with death in children under 5 years of age. Some of these bacteria and viruses can be spread by direct contact with a person who is already infected with them. For ampicillin, IV route is preferred but IM route may be an alternative. Ethiopia is among 15 top under five pneumonia high burden countries [3]. Often, pneumonia begins after an infection of the upper respiratory tract (nose and throat). [ 48] … 1. Pneumonia in Children What is pneumonia in children? They generally cause a mild, widespread pneumonia that affects all age groups but more commonly in older children. Corresponding Author. For the diagnosis, refer to the guide Tuberculosis, MSF. Children under 5 years most commonly develop pneumonia due to the bacterial or viral infection. Diarrhoea is a leading killer of children, accounting for approximately 8 per cent of all deaths among children under age 5 worldwide in 2017. When the machine is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. Keywords: Pneumonia, Ethnic disparity, Children under five, Mortality Background Pneumonia was once regarded as “the forgotten killer in children” [1], however by 2015 was recognised as the second leading cause of death 15.5 This presents somewhat different symptoms and physical signs than other types of pneumonia. Pneumonia during this critical developmental period may therefore adversely affect the lung’s structure and function, with increased … : continue with the same antibiotic to complete treatment.– If there is no improvement after 3 days of correct administration: add azithromycin (see Atypical pneumonia).– If the condition is deteriorating: hospitalise and treat as severe pneumonia. Pneumonia is responsible for about 1.4 million deaths in children under five years of age, mostly in developing countries, including India. Often, pneumonia begins after an infection of the upper respiratory tract (nose and throat). If it is observed when a child is upset or feeding and is not visible when the child is resting, there is no chest indrawing.– In children under 2 months of age, moderate chest indrawing is normal as the thoracic wall is flexible.– If only the soft tissues between the ribs or above the clavicles depress, there is no chest indrawing. In addition to the symptoms listed above, all pneumonias share the following symptoms. children under 5 years of age, accounting for 16% of all deaths of children under 5 years old killing approximately 2,400 children a day in 2015. For IV administration, water for injection must always be used. Background There are very limited data on children with pneumonia in Mali. Results: Prevalence of pneumonia among under-five children was 33.5%. Pneumonia is one of the major public health problems in children under five years of age. 2 Clinical assessment can be challenging; symptoms vary with age and can be non-specific in young children, … Background: Pneumonia is now the second leading cause of death for children aged <5 years worldwide. Methods: The present one year 8 months longitudinal, community-based randomized controlled study included a total of 100 under-five children with pneumonia. Many other bacteria may cause bacterial pneumonia including: Bacterial pneumonia may have a quick onset and the following symptoms may occur: Viral pneumonia. Gabrielle J. Williams BSc(Hons), MPH, PhD . In general, viral pneumonia is mild, but it can become serious. Pneumonia is infection of the lungs caused by various germs such as bacteria, viruses’, fungi and chemicals. Children under the age of 5 Substantial global progress has been made in reducing child deaths since 1990. In developing countries treatment is not always available making prevention an important intervention in reducing childhood mortality. However, analyses of the long-term evolution of under-5 mortality from pneumonia are still scarce in the literature. [, Improvement criteria include: fever reduction, diminished respiratory distress, improved SpO. A systematic review was conducted to identify peer-reviewed and … Each year an estimated 120 million episodes of pneumonia occur in children younger than 5 years of age, resulting in one million deaths globally. Mycoplasma pneumonia. A systematic review was conducted to identify peer-reviewed A systematic review was conducted to identify peer-reviewed and grey full-text documents without restrictions to study desi gn, language or … –  Maintain adequate hydration and nutrition:• In children with severe respiratory difficulty: place an IV line and give 70% of normal maintenance fluids. Bronchial pneumonia (or bronchopneumonia). Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major pub-lic health issue and a principal cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age [1]. Almost all of these deaths are preventable. Background While evidence-based recommendations for the management pneumonia in under-5-year-olds at the community level with amoxicillin dispersible tablets (DT) were made by the World Health Organisation, initiatives to promote the integrated community case management (iCCM) of pneumonia through the proprietary and patent medicine vendors (PPMVs) have been poorly utilized in … By formapa 22. Epub 2015 Jul 6. Each year an estimated 120 million episodes of pneumonia occur in children younger than 5 years of age, resulting in one million deaths globally. If tuberculosis is unlikely, continue with ceftriaxone + cloxacillin and add azithromycin (see Atypical pneumonia). The dose is expressed in amoxicillin: 50 mg/kg 2 times daily. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, If the child's condition does not improve3 According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Children's Hospital Association, in the U.S. children represent about 13% of all COVID-19 cases. While still too many children die today, since 1990 we’ve seen more than 3-fold reduction in child mortality rates from pneumonia globally. While still too many children die today, since 1990 we’ve seen more than 3-fold reduction in child mortality rates from pneumonia globally. Viral pneumonias may make a child susceptible to bacterial pneumonia. Children of either sex, under 5 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia according to WHO Pocket Book (2005)16 irrespective of pneumonia etiology, admitted within the given time period in the study hospital, were enrolled after having informed consent of the parents. The most common causes are viruses, pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae. 1042 Research article EMHJ – Vol. Wheezing may occur and the cough may worsen. Pneumonia is the leading cause of death for children under 5 — more than 800,000 children died due to pneumonia in 2017. Pneumonia in children can be caused by viruses or bacteria. The scenario is more or less same in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This content cannot be displayed without JavaScript.Please enable JavaScript and reload the page. 9 – 2020 Medical management of pneumonia in children aged under 5 years in Alexandria, Egypt: mothers’ perspective Noha Fadl, 1 Ayat Ashour and Yasmine Muhammed1 1Family Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (Correspondence to: nohaosama@alexu.edu.eg). Bacterial pneumonia. Children with comorbidities such as congenital heart disease, meningitis, and chronic respiratory diseases such … This affects one or more sections (lobes) of the lungs. • The infectious agents that commonly cause community-acquired pneumonia vary by age • The most common causes are RSV in infants , • respiratory viruses (RSV, parain-fluenza viruses, influenza viruses, adenoviruses) in children younger than 5 years old, and • M. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae in children older than age 5. It is a respiratory disease featured by inflammation of the lungs. This is caused by various viruses, including the following: Respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV (most commonly seen in children under age 5) Parainfluenza virus. A nationwide promotion exercise should be considered especially in remote areas of the country. Within this age group the lungs are still developing by increasing alveoli numbers and airway dimensions. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. – A child has tachypnoea (increased respiratory rate) if:RR ≥ 60 breaths/minute in children under 1 monthsRR ≥ 50 breaths/minute in children from 1 to 11 monthsRR ≥ 40 breaths/minute in children from 12 months to 5 years. Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs. Background . Pneumonia • Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways and parenchyma with consolidation of the alveolar spaces. In developed countries, the majority of pneumonias are believed to be of viral origin; however, the This translates to over 1,400 young children dying each day, or about 525,000 children a year, despite the availability of a simple treatment solution. children under 5 years of age and in recent years the incidence of complicated and severe pneumonia seems to be increasing. However, with viral pneumonia, the respiratory involvement happens slowly. License: All the material produced by Our World in Data, including interactive visualizations and code, are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license.. It is a serious infection or inflammation in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid. Treatment may include antibiotics for bacterial and mycoplasma pneumonia. Objective. (3 minutes): 50 mg/kg once dailyorampicillin slow IV (3 minutes) or IM: 50 mg/kg every 6 hours+ gentamicin slow IV (3 minutes) or IM: 6 mg/kg once dailyAmpicillin is preferably administered in 4 divided doses. Pneumonia in children 1. Pneumonia causes substantial morbidity in children worldwide and is a leading cause of death in children in the developing world. This is caused by various viruses, including the following: Respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV (most commonly seen in children under age 5). 1 In 2010, there were 120 million episodes of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years, and 14 million pneumonia cases progressed to severe and life-threatening conditions requiring urgent hospital care. Each year, 1.3 million deaths occur in children under five years of age due to Pneumonia. The first line treatment is the combination ampicillin slow IV (3 minutes) for 10 days + gentamicin slow IV (3 minutes) or IM for 5 days: ampicillin 50 mg/kg every 12 hours+ gentamicin 3 mg/kg once daily, ampicillin 50 mg/kg every 8 hours+ gentamicin 5 mg/kg once daily, ampicillin 50 mg/kg every 6 hours+ gentamicin 6 mg/kg once daily. This study investigates the individual effect of solid fuel, carbon monoxide (CO), black carbon (BC) and particulate matter (PM)2.5 on pneumonia in children under 5 in low- and middle-income countries. Because of the infection, the small airways in the lungs become swollen and make more mucus (sticky fluid). Resume oral feeding as soon as possible (no severe respiratory difficulty, ability to eat normally).Use a nasogastric tube only if an IV line cannot be established: children under 12 months: 5 ml/kg/hour; children over 12 months: 3 to 4 ml/kg/hour; alternate milk and water. Early symptoms of viral pneumonia are the same as those of bacterial pneumonia. In 2013, there was approximately 935 000 child death in less than 5 years old because of Pneumonia, which was 15% of all the deaths in children. Pneumonia is generally more common in children younger than 5 years old. Viruses are usually the cause of pneumonia in children. Imbalanced interactions among host factors, agents, and environments influence incidence of pneumonia. 4 In infants (age < 2 years) with a fever without source, pneumonia, as diagnosed by positive chest roentgenogram, was found in 13%. Ceftriaxone reconstituted using this solvent must never be administered by IV route. Globally, pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality and accounted for 16% of the estimated 5.9 million deaths among children aged <5 years in 2015. Aim: The purpose was to investigate to what extent evidence based information is given by nurses to children’s caregivers to prevent pneumonia. Other less common pneumonias may be caused by the inhaling of food, liquid, gases or dust, or by fungi. This affects patches throughout both lungs. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at DZH from July 16, 2008 to August 17, … Use formulations in a ratio of 8:1 or 7:1 exclusively. In 2010, it was estimated that almost 120 million patients with Pneumonia are younger than five years) [ 4 ]. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or chemical irritants. Download pdf. It can also occur due to accidental ingestion of kerosene in children under 5. For the diagnosis, refer to the MSF handbook, Tuberculosis.• in the event of pneumonia complicated with empyema (pus in the pleural space). Although pneumonia is commonly caused by viral organisms in children, many children diagnosed with pneumonia are treated empirically with antibiotics. In 2015, community acquired pneumonia (CAP) accounted for 15% of deaths in children under 5 years old globally and 922 000 deaths globally in children of all ages. The incidence of pneumonia is the highest in children under 5 years of age and in recent years the incidence of complicated and severe pneumonia seems to be increasing. Exposure to indoor air pollution increases the risk of pneumonia in children, accounting for about a million deaths globally. To identify risk factors of pneumonia among under-five children in Alexandria, Egypt. In the USA, a reduction (39%) in pneumonia cases after PCV7 vaccines was observed for children under 2 years under … The mucus blocks the airways and reduces the amount of oxygen that is able to get into the body. Pneumonia affects millions of people every year, particularly children under age 5 and adults over age 65, as well as people who are hospitalized or who have chronic illnesses or immunosuppression. Pneumonia in children under 5 is often caused by bacteria or viral infection. Background Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in under-five children. 2017 Jan;11(1):15-22. doi: 10.1111/irv.12405. Pneumonia among under-five children constitutes a major public health concern. (3 minutes) or infusion (30 minutes; 60 minutes in neonates) or IM: 50 mg/kg once daily for 10 days. Notes:– For malnourished children, refer to specific protocol.– In the event of moderate-large empyema, assess if drainage is required. Pneumonia is among the leading causes of hospitalization and death for children aged under 5 years in the Region of the Americas. Treat as outpatient, except infants.amoxicillin PO: 30 mg/kg 3 times daily for 5 daysFollow-up in 48 to 72 hours or sooner if the child’s condition deteriorates:– If the condition is improving3 About 6.6 million children less than 5 years of age die every year in the world; 95% of them in low-income countries and one third of the total deaths is due to ARI. However, the symptoms of viral pneumonia may be more numerous than the symptoms of bacterial pneumonia. Admit the child for inpatient care and treat for severe pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia h… A diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. The objective was to assess the etiology and factors associated with community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children <5 years of age in Mali. Pneumonia in children under 5 can be diagnosed by physical examination, blood tests and chest x-ray. School of Public Health, Screening and Test Evaluation Program (STEP), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Background and rationale Pneumonia is responsible for about 1.4 million deaths in children under five years of age, mostly in developing countries, including India.

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